Vitamin D status and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. 1993 12:1–5.īurris HH, Rifas-Shiman SL, Huh SY, Kleinman K, Litonjua AA, Oken E, et al.

The geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis: a review. Timing of birth and risk of multiple sclerosis: population based study. Willer CJ, Dyment DA, Sadovnick AD, Rothwell PM, Murray TJ, Ebers GC, et al. Vitamin D status and its adequacy in healthy Danish perimenopausal women: relationships to dietary intake, sun exposure and serum parathyroid hormone. 2005 81:1276–86.īrot C, Vestergaard P, Kolthoff N, Gram J, Hermann AP, Sørensen OH. Comparisons of estimated economic burdens due to insufficient solar ultraviolet irradiance and vitamin D and excess solar UV irradiance for the United States. Inadequate vitamin D status: does it contribute to the disorders comprising syndrome “X”? Br J Nutr. Putting cardiovascular disease and vitamin D insufficiency into perspective. The potential determinants of vitamin D status, as well as the benefits and risks of vitamin D (with a special focus on the skin), will be discussed in this article. Maintaining a vitamin D serum concentration within normal levels is warranted in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo, polymorphous light eruption, mycosis fungoides, alopecia areata, systemic lupus erythematosus, and melanoma patients.

Patients with photosensitive disorders tend to avoid sun exposure, and this practice, along with photoprotection, can put this category of patients at risk for vitamin D deficiency. Multiple factors are linked to vitamin D status, such as Fitzpatrick skin type, sex, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. The two main sources of vitamin D are sun exposure and oral intake, including vitamin D supplementation and dietary intake. Vitamin D plays a key role in skeletal and cardiovascular disorders, cancers, central nervous system diseases, reproductive diseases, infections, and autoimmune and dermatological disorders.

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